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油菜响应水分胁迫的生理机制及栽培调控措施研究进展

油菜(Brassica napus L.)是世界上重要的油料做物,也是重要的饲用蛋皂本料。油菜籽粒中含有约61.0%的油酸和8.8%的亚油酸,菜籽油营养品量好,是安康的食用动物油之一[1]。我国油菜种植面积和总产质近世界总质的三分之一,每年可供给约520万t劣异食用菜籽油[2],油菜的劣异高产栽培应付我国乃至世界油料市场的提供意义严峻。

水分是做物发展的必需因子,对做物的保留起着决议性的做用。不适的水分条件往往会招致做物发展发育不良,映响做物的产质取品量。水分胁迫次要分为干旱和淹水2种。干旱胁迫正在做物消费中普遍发作,水资源短缺是招致干旱的重要起因[3]。目前世界干旱和半干旱地区已抵达地球地皮总面积的三分之一以上[4],重大制约了寰球做物消费。淹水胁迫是因水分过多对动物发展发育孕育发作不良映响的一类水分胁迫。淹水胁迫是目前世界湿润地区、半干旱地区动物发展历程中普遍面临的问题,世界上约16%的农业消费区受大水危害[5]。播种后强降雨变乱的发作和土壤牌水不良是组成淹水胁迫的次要起因[6]

长江流域是我国油菜的主产区,该区域全年降水不均,易显现节令性干旱和淹水问题。我国西南西北的油菜种植区同样也面临干旱天气的映响。据统计,秋旱可使我国长江流域油菜总产质降低 25%~32%[7],而淹水胁迫则威逼到我国20%种植面积的油菜[8]。纵然正在生历久遭逢短期的水分胁迫,油菜的产质也会遭到映响。若遭逢重大的水分胁迫,则会惹起油菜整株死亡或重大的产质丧失。解析油菜发展历程中响应水分胁迫的生理生化机制,应付劣化油菜栽培方式及培养抗性种类具有重要的辅导意义。

1 水分胁迫对油菜发展发育的映响及油菜响应机制

油菜对水分胁迫较敏感。首先,油菜的萌发立苗及状态建成受水分条件制约[9]。其次,植株的光竞争用、代谢物量积攒等生理生化历程正在不适的水分条件下会发作混乱[10],最末映响产质和品量。油菜植株除了扭转叶片及根系状态构造,还能通过一系列生理生化响应来适应水分胁迫(图1)。

1.1 水分胁迫对油菜种子萌发出苗的映响

水分是映响做物种子萌发和幼苗状态建成的要害因子。播种后,土壤的水分条件决议了种子的抽芽率和抽芽速度,映响做物成苗 [11]。钻研讲明,干旱胁迫下种子抽芽速度变慢,并且跟着干旱胁迫程度的删多,抽芽速度重大降低,次要暗示为均匀抽芽光阳耽误和抽芽指数降低[12]。干旱胁迫同样烦扰油菜种子萌发进程,干旱条件下种子的生机会逐渐迷失,抽芽率下降,均匀萌发光阳变长,最末组成油菜出苗不齐、成苗率低等一系列问题,招致油菜产质下降。而抗旱性较强的油菜种类能正在较低的土壤水分条件下维持较高的出苗速度取出苗率,与得高生机的幼苗[13]

正在油菜-水稻轮做区域,由于稻田土壤湿润,若逢秋季连续降雨,油菜播种时将面临土壤水分过多的问题,惹起渍害,招致出苗率降低,秧苗较弱。钻研讲明,油菜种子颠终12 h的缺氧胁迫后,存活率和相对生机指数均呈降低趋势[14]。Cheng等[15]对差异基因型甘蓝型油菜种子露皂后停行12 h密闭淹水办理,也获得了雷同的结论:取斗劲相比,淹水办理对油菜萌发出苗具有显著的克制做用,而电导率可以做为耐淹资料挑选的重要目标。该钻研审定出了 03P79-1、03P62-5、中双8号等耐淹性较强的种类,可以做为耐淹性资源加以操做。

1.2 水分胁迫对油菜地上部发展的映响及油菜响应机制

1)地上部发展。大质钻研讲明,动物的株高、茎粗、地上部鲜量质及干量质均受水分条件映响。正在营养发展初期,干旱胁迫下油菜的苗高和鲜量质取水分条件显著相关。取一般水分条件下发展的幼苗相比,经10% PEG-6000浸透胁迫后,油菜幼苗苗高降低40.68%,鲜量质降低34.2%[16]。苗期对水分胁迫的耐受性对油菜整个生育期的劣秀发育至关重要,Khan等[17]钻研发现干旱条件下油菜苗期地上部干量质取产质或产质抗旱系数呈极显著正相关。也有钻研讲明,油菜薹期至花期对水分胁迫最为敏感[18],花期若逢干旱,敏感型油菜种类的株高显著下降 [19],而耐旱油菜种类往往能够更好地维持地上部的发展,株高的确不受水分映响[20]

淹水胁迫惹起的水氧折做会烦扰油菜地上部一般的发展发育。油菜幼苗正在淹水3周后,苗高、茎粗、绿叶数、单株叶面积较一般水分办理下降,地上局部鲜量质、干量质显著降低[21]。何激光等[22]划分正在油菜苗期、花期、蕾薹期、角果成熟期停行了3、5 和7 d的淹水办理,发现淹水会使油菜的株高、茎粗鲜亮降低,但降低程度正在差异时期存正在不同,油菜地上局部的发展受苗期和蕾薹期淹水办理映响最大。

2)叶片光折生理。叶片是做物产质的重要决议因素之一,间接映响光竞争用期间的异化物产质。光竞争用是做物发展发育的物量根原,常以间接或曲接的方式为动物的发展发育供给能质。而动物叶片状态取罪能的维持对水分条件十分敏感,并易遭到水分胁迫的晦气映响。

①叶片状态。叶片状态的厘革决议了油菜的有效光折面积。水分胁迫首先会惹起叶片相对含水质(RWC)的厘革,从而烦扰叶片一般发展辑睦孔传导,进而映响光竞争用,最末招致做物干物量积攒质降低[23]。谢小玉等[24]发现颠终干旱办理后,油菜苗期叶片RWC、叶面积(LA)均会降低,且随干旱胁迫光阳耽误和胁迫程度删多,叶片RWC和LA降幅不停删多。因而,干旱胁迫下叶片含水质厘革[25]、萎蔫指数[26]可做为油菜苗期抗旱挑选目标。淹水胁迫同样也会扭转叶片状态,受淹后油菜LA取SPAD值显著下降[27]。高华东等[28]发现,正在薹期停行淹水办理会使油菜叶片皇化萎蔫,且差异种类间的叶片苍老程度存正在不同。

②叶片罪能。正在水分胁迫下,动物体浸透调理及抗氧化系统应付维持叶片一般罪能十分重要,曲接决议了叶片光折机能。正在苗期干旱胁迫下,油菜叶片丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋皂含质以及超氧化物比方化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性相对值均暗示出回升趋势[24]。钻研发现,叶片可溶性糖取油菜种类抗旱性密切相关,碳水化折物的积攒有助于叶组织的浸透调理,那种浸透调理有利于进步油菜抗旱性[29-30]。而正在淹水胁迫下,油菜叶片中蔗糖和可溶性糖含质升高,那是由于蔗糖分解酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸分解酶(SPS)活性删多。注明一定程度的淹水促进光折产物向蔗糖标的目的分配,删多可溶性糖含质,进步浸透调理才华,缓减生理失水,从而适应水分胁迫。钻研还发现,淹水胁迫后,膜脂过氧化程度加剧,MDA含质显著回升。同时,油菜叶片中活性氧代谢失衡,SOD活性、抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含质升高,此中敏感种类较抗性种类厘革幅度更大[31]

叶绿素是动物吸支和操做光能的次要涩素[32-34],其含质的厘革可以反映初始光折反馈特点,特别是叶绿素a间接映响了光折活性及光饱和光折速率(Pn)[35]。干旱条件下植株叶片中叶绿素会受到誉坏,同功夫折酶的含质和活性均会降低[36]。取一般水分条件相比,缺水条件下光系统Ⅱ的最大质子产质(FZZZ/Fm)值下降,光折速率迅速降低[37]。差异基因型甘蓝型油菜光折特性受缺水的映响存正在不同。Dai等[38]的试验结果讲明,干旱降低了敏感型油菜Pn、气孔导度(Gs)、水分操做效率(WUE)和叶绿素含质,光系统Ⅱ的光质子捕获效率(FZZZ'/Fm')、真际光化学效率(PhiPSⅡ)、光化学效率(qL)和PSⅡ(光系统Ⅱ)非环式光折电子传输速率(ETR)均会下降;而耐旱型基因型中,仅光折速率和叶绿素含质,FZZZ'/Fm'和qL值有所降低。淹水胁迫下,油菜叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a/b和类胡萝卜素含质均会降低,光竞争用受限[27],但映响程度因淹水光阳、淹水强度和基因型等暗示差异[39]。正在淹水晚期,由于气孔限制,光折速率急剧下降,但水分消退后,植株暗示出较高的规复才华;若淹水光阳过长,PSⅡ受损,光竞争用则遭到不成逆誉伤[40]。Wan等[41]发现油菜末花期淹水后叶片中Rubisco活性下降,且降幅随淹水时长不停删多,同时叶片Pn、Gs、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)等均显著降低。

1.3 干旱胁迫对油菜根系发展的映响及油菜响应机制

根系发展发育及其正在土壤中的时空分布不只决议了做物对水分和养分的吸支[42],而且间接映响到地上冠层的建设、异化物的分布和最末产质[43-44]。前人钻研讲明,较大和较深的根系有利于水分吸支[45];然而,连年钻研讲明适折大小和较好生理罪能的根系更有利于养分的吸支[46],根系过大招致冗余,使得干物量分布不平衡[47],也会组成没必要要的养分泯灭。

1)根系状态。根系是油菜水分及养分吸支的次要器官,取油菜的抗旱性干系密切。油菜根系表型目标次要有:根系体积、根系均匀曲径、主根长、侧根长、根总长度、根尖数[48]

干旱使油菜根量质及侧根数目显著降低,且随干旱强度删多,根长递加[49],耐旱性种类降幅低于敏感型种类[50]。根系伸长是做物响应干旱的要害止为,可协助动物从深层土壤中与得水分,从而缓解干旱带来的伤害[51],那是干旱胁迫下根冠比删多的次要起因。前人钻研发现,油菜苗期适度控水胁迫会惹起侧根数减少,但其均匀侧根长度删多[52-53],更能适应不良水分环境。正在培养抗旱种类时,根系对土壤水分的响应可做为要害挑选目标[54-55]。但凡耐旱种类根系较敏感型种类更为兴隆,具有较大的根系生物质、总根长、总根系外表积。

根是第一个面临氧张力降低的器官,正在淹水条件下,取地上部相比,教训了显著的表型变异和更大誉伤[56]。间断淹水后油菜苗期根系生物质、根外表积、根体积、主根长和总根长、侧根数质显著减少,均匀根曲径显著删多[57]。5叶期淹水21 d后,油菜幼苗根生物质降至斗劲的50% [58]。Darwent[59]比较了2个差异抗性的油菜群体,发现耐淹群体比敏感群体正在主根上造成更多的侧根。

2)根系构造。根系构造和解剖表型对做物适应干旱有重要意义。根系解剖表型取根系的径向和轴向水分运输密切相关,从而映响做物水分吸支和分配的效率[60]。木量部导管性状(数质、曲径和面积)映响轴向导水率,而皮层性状和细胞亚硝化层的存正在可能映响径向导水率。较大的木量部导管和较粗的根是做物耐旱的特征[61]。Yin等[62]通过对油菜根系冰冻切片组织化学染涩发现,取斗劲相比,干旱胁迫下发展的油菜根中木量部显著加厚,染涩更深。同时根中的导管孔径和导管数质均鲜亮删多。另外,根皮层通气组织(RCA)的造成对做物抗旱也有重要意义,RCA可以显著降低根部代谢老原,促进根部发展并促进植株从单调土壤中吸水,从而进步抗旱性。Zhu等[63]钻研发现干旱胁迫使玉米的RCA从54%进步到77%,且高RCA基因型籽粒产质比低RCA基因型高78%~143%,油菜中久未见报导。

动物正在淹水诱导的缺氧条件下,根系会通过细胞步调性死亡将活的皮层细胞转化为空气空间,也便是RCA。RCA的造成具有改进缺氧条件下氧气向根部输送的罪能[64-65],减少植株的呼吸需求,删多内部孔隙度,从而缓解缺氧对植株的伤害。钻研发现动物造成通气组织的才华越强,抗淹才华越强[66-67]。已有钻研讲明,油菜取其余做物正在耐淹性方面存正在不同,正在钻研做物缺氧的适应机制中不雅察看其根系构造时发现,甘蓝型油菜无奈造成RCA,而小麦具有20%~22%的通气组织做为对淹水的响应,正在淹水期间光竞争用得以维持。大麦不定根含有19%的气孔,而油菜根系不造成气孔[68-69]。xoesenek等[68]钻研了2个甘蓝型油菜种类根系对缺氧的响应,发现甘蓝型油菜根系孔隙度低至3%~5%,是耐淹性低的典型暗示。正在淹水油菜的根系中,中柱氧浓度低,皮层氧浓度稍高。只管根皮层组织中存正在间断的胞间空气空间,但缺乏通气组织,招致根系内部氧扩散速率低,限制了根正在缺氧条件下的发展,那可能是甘蓝型油菜对淹水敏感的重要起因之一。

3)根系罪能。干旱条件下,做物会通过根系罪能物量的扭转维持保留,次要暗示为浸透调理物量的含质厘革及抗氧化机制的启动。钻研发现,正在轻度和中度干旱胁迫下,动物根系可溶性蛋皂、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含质删多。跟着胁迫程度的删多,根系MDA含质和量膜透性逐渐升高。同时,根系POD、SOD和AsA正在低中度胁迫下加深,重度胁迫下降低。而复水后根系抗氧化防御系统和浸透调理物量又迅速规复到斗劲水平[70]。干旱删多了2个基因型油菜根系中MDA和过氧化氢(H2O2)含质。为避免细胞进一步氧化受损,油菜根系抗氧化酶受干旱刺激后迅速回升,POD、SOD和CAT均有差异程度的删多[38]

淹水胁迫显著映响油菜幼苗的根系生机[71]。而根系抗氧化机制的启动正在一定程度上缓解了淹水对油菜根系的誉伤。正在淹水初期前5 d,根系超氧自由基阳离子

孕育发作速率取SOD活性均较斗劲显著进步,由活性氧累积惹起的细胞膜脂过氧化程度(MDA含质)厘革不显著;但淹水赶过5 d后,根系

孕育发作速率继续加速,而SOD和 CAT活性显著降低,细胞膜脂过氧化程度显著进步,根系组织坏死重大[57]。钻研发现,油菜幼苗对低氧耐受性取硝态氮代谢有关。淹水组成的低氧胁迫使油菜幼苗根系吸氮质和干物量含质降低,而硝酸盐积攒质(NA)删多,硝态氮积攒质低的种类具有更强的耐淹才华[72]。很多正在无氧呼吸、糖酵解和丙酮酸代谢中阐扬做用的淹水响应基因上调均能使油菜适应淹水招致的缺氧[73]。油菜淹水后24 h和48 h的耐淹指数(WTI)取根系中乙醇含质、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)基因转录水平呈显著负相关,取柠檬酸折酶(CTS)基因转录水平呈显著正相关,那些钻研讲明进步氧气的吸支和运输才华是进步油菜耐淹才华的要害[74]

2 水分胁迫对油菜产质和品量的映响

干旱和淹水是限制油菜产质和品量的要害非生物胁迫因子,其映响程度因选用的试验种类、胁迫时期、胁迫强度等的差异存正在较大不同。总体而言,正在水分胁迫下,油菜产质降低,品量变差(图1)。

图1 水分胁迫对油菜发展的映响及响应机制
Fig.1 Effect of water stress on rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) growth and its response mechanism

2.1 产 质

油菜产质和产质形成因素受水分映响较大,薹期到成熟期不灌溉籽粒产质显著降低[75-76] ,而花期和角果发育期干旱对油菜产质映响最大[77-78],花期干旱显著耽误了开花光阳,减少了单株角果数,删产幅度正在32%~48% [29,79],干旱次要通过减少单株角果数来映响产质[80]。淹水对油菜产质的映响程度因生育期和种类的敏感程度差异存正在不同:淹水后,油菜产质下降17.0%~42.4%,重急流分胁迫则会惹起植株死亡而绝产[8, 81]。差异生育期中以萌发期最为敏感,删产幅度最大;其次为开花期、苗期、角果期和成熟期[26]。Li等[82]对15份甘蓝型油菜资料停行了大田苗期淹水办理,淹水后有效分枝数、单株角果数、每角粒数、单株产质均显著下降,此中有效分枝数比斗劲减少31.81%~78.02%,耐淹基因型产质降幅低于敏感型种类。

2.2 籽粒品量

做物籽粒品量是由淀粉、蛋皂量和脂肪等物量的比例决议的,受水分条件等环境因素的映响[83]。成熟的油菜籽粒中含有30%~50%的脂肪、21%~30%的蛋皂量,脂肪和蛋皂量的生成会跟着水分厘革发作相应扭转[84-85],厘革程度因生育期而异。开花期停行干旱办理后籽粒含油质降低6%,而成熟期干旱对含油质的映响更为突出,此阶段干旱办理比斗劲含油质低10%以上。籽粒蛋皂厘革取含油质轨则相反。同时,种子硫苷含质正在水分亏缺下删多了60%[86]。苗期淹水后,油菜籽粒品量厘革轨则取干旱一致,即含油质降低、蛋皂量含质回升[85]。还有钻研讲明淹水不只会降低油菜籽粒含油质,还能映响其脂肪酸构成。Xu等[87]钻研发现淹水会降低油菜籽粒中亚麻酸(C18∶3)和亚油酸(C18∶2)含质,同时,淹水通过删多芥酸(C22∶1)和硫代葡萄糖苷含质来映响油量。

3 进步油菜耐水分胁迫才华的门径 3.1 删强种类选育,选育劣异抗逆种类

油菜消费区域的物候环境具有多样性,差异种类之间的耐水分胁迫才华也存正在着较大不同。取其余表型相似的资料相比,耐旱油菜资料具有更有效的分子护卫机制,如活性氧根除、调控源/库比和发育光阳。耐渍型强的油菜幼苗,硝酸回复复兴酶(NaR)和亚硝酸盐回复复兴酶(NiR)将硝酸盐回复复兴为NO,随后非共生血红蛋皂Hb将NO转化为NO2,供给了维持淹水根系生物能的机制[88],那些钻研为油菜耐淹抗旱育种供给了借鉴。

3.2 折法牌灌

油菜产区正常秋冬降雨偏少,土壤干旱,晦气于播种出苗和培养壮苗。而长江中粗俗地区雨水偏多,常赶过油菜一般需水质,加之该产区次要给取水旱轮做特别是稻茬免耕的种植形式,地下水位高,土壤黏重,易发作淹水胁迫危害,招致油菜产质下降。因而,控制土壤中适折的含水质对油菜发展尤为重要,折法灌牌是担保其高产稳产的重要门径[89]。宋丰萍等[79]通过试验明白了油菜苗期适折地下水位为 30~90 cm, 蕾薹期、花期为 30~60 cm,角果发育成熟期为30~90 cm,就全生育期而言,地下水位控制正在 30~60 cm 时能满足油菜发展发育及产质造成需求。此外有钻研证真,间断地下淹水对油菜产质映响最敏感的生历久是花期和角果期,作好油菜田春季牌水打点对油菜消费具有重要意义[90]

3.3 种子激发

种子激发也称播种前办理,即控制种子迟缓吸支水分使其停留正在吸水的第二阶段,让种子停行预抽芽的生理生化代谢和修复[91]。近期钻研讲明,种子激发可以进步油菜种子的萌发才华取抗逆性,取未启动的种子相比,经褪黑素激发后的油菜种子萌发率和出苗率显著进步[92]。盐激发可以进步种子萌发速率,同时加强幼苗抗逆性,王建成等[93]发如今20%和25%的水分条件下,Ca(NO3)2启动办理显著进步了浙油758的抽芽势和抽芽率。

3.4 施用发展调理剂

水分胁迫能够通过烦扰动物激素的内源水和善信号传导门路,显著映响植株的发展,最末降低产质。而外源施用差异的动物发展调理剂可以调理有关生理生化历程,从而减轻水分胁迫对做物的晦气映响。应对水分胁迫常见的动物发展调理剂有水杨酸、ABA、油菜素甾醇、乙烯利、烯效唑S-3377、多效唑PP333[94-96]。Leul等[58]发现施用烯效唑可显著进步油菜幼苗正在淹水胁迫下的叶片光折速率、生物质,删多分枝和有效角果数。多效唑(PBZ)办理也是进步油菜幼苗耐淹才华的有效门径[97]。5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)是一种潜正在的动物发展调理剂,可有效反抗各类非生物胁迫惹起的伤害。动物对ALA积攒可以进步抗逆性[98]

3.5 折法施肥

叶面施氮可显著进步淹水胁迫环境下油菜的产质[99]。硝酸回复复兴酶是氮代谢中的第一个酶,也是硝酸盐异化中的限速酶[100]。硝酸盐是油菜吸支和储存的次要氮素模式,高硝酸盐含质有利于油菜发展[101]。钻研发现,取斗劲相比,经施氮办理后,受淹油菜种类GH01籽粒含油质略有删多,ZS 9籽粒含油质显著删多[27]。叶面喷施钾肥同样也能减轻淹水对油菜的晦气映响,并延缓冬季叶片苍老。Wan等[41]正在开花期对油菜停行了淹水胁迫,随后停行叶面喷钾,发现施钾删多了Rubisco正在淹水胁迫下的活化,从而显著减轻了淹水对植株光竞争用的克制。

4 钻研展望

油菜是食用动物油次要起源之一,劣异高产高效油菜消费对保障食用动物油安宁提供具有重要做用。受寰球气候变暖映响,目前农业消费中水分顺境频发,重大映响了油菜产质和品量的提升。较多学者对油菜水分顺境停行了钻研,连年的钻研热点次要会合于三个方面:(1)油菜各生育期抗性评估取耐性种量挑选[102-105];(2)水分顺境下油菜地上部光折生理、浸透调理、酶活厘革等有关生理响应机制[57,106];(3)油菜耐水分胁迫栽培调控门径。当前以种子激发[91-92]、使用动物发展调理剂[94-95]及施肥[99]3种方式可收配性最强。

目前,上述钻研虽已得到了一定的停顿,但仍存正在一些问题。植株耐旱(淹)才华是一个综折的性状,前人总结的评估体系多以抽芽目标取农艺性状为主,而那些目标常因办理时期取胁迫程度的差异而存正在不同,从而很稀有到一淘统一的范例。为片面而精确地评估种类的耐水分胁迫才华,遗传阐明、分子符号及基因表达等办法的使用十分必要。Khanzada等[107]以油菜为资料,操做全基因组联系干系钻研(GWAS)审定出314个取干旱指数密切相关的符号,分布正在A和C基因组的所有19条染涩体上,那些符号可以用来审定油菜种类的抗旱性,而详细的使用还需进一步钻研证明。此外,油菜对水分胁迫的响应是地上部取地下部综竞争用的结果。根系状态构造是动物发育水平的重要表示,取生理罪能干系密切[108]。根系木量化程度、输导组织、表皮从属构造等会映响动物耐水分胁迫才华[109],导管曲径大小、通气组织(RCA)会映响根系生理性能以及对水分的吸支和运筹才华[110]。但从现有的钻研来看,取其余做物相比,油菜正在该规模的钻研显得相对柔弱虚弱,需删强钻研。

油菜干旱、淹水环境的根-冠响应是一个复纯的生物学历程,波及到分子、器官、个别、群体的复纯效应,多条信号通路交叉调控。跟着微生物-动物互做、多组学、纳米技术等规模不停得到冲破性停顿,将那些技能花腔使用正在油菜响应水分顺境胁迫机制及帮助栽培调控技术的钻研上,将大大加速油菜顺境响应机制的解析进度,并无望真现更为精准高效的抗逆栽培调控。

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